Channel drain system. 5% slope built in but can be manufactured with any slope specified. Channel drain system

 
5% slope built in but can be manufactured with any slope specifiedChannel drain system com FREE DELIVERY possible on eligible purchasesSleek, narrow 1-1/4 in

W x 3. W x 5. 7H in. Spee-D channel assembly comes with the Spee-D channel drain and prefastened galvanized steel grates. A channel drain, also called a trench drain, removes. NOTE: The POLYCAST® drain system must not be utilized as an expansion joint, control joint or construction joint. Pro Series Channel Drain Kit with Deep Profile Channel is ideal for draining moderate flows from hardscape. More Buying Choices. com FREE DELIVERY possible on eligible purchasesThe industry's most specifiable drain. Download Article. You will need to consider the size of the drains that you want to use, the gratings that you want to place over them, and the slope. Low-profile Drain System: Dimensions of each channel: 5. Our Series 600 system is intended for pneumatic tire traffic only and is not fire retardant (NFR). Or call us at 888-825-4716. The average cost to install a drainage system in yard is $8 to $15 per linear foot or between $1,200 and $8,000, depending on the lawn size. , the industry leader in modular drainage systems for commercial and industrial use. Parallel slab joints should be formed no closer than 6" from the edge of the system or a distance equal to the slab thickness, Trench drains are typically sold in pieces and assembled on site. Plastic Channel Drains – can only be used for residential driveways since they are not engineered for vehicular weight – unless they’re encased in concrete – so the preferred solution is to install a precast concrete system. Each body has slotted tabs on both sides of the body, 10” apart, for rebar tie down and leveling. 905-405-8272, Fax 905-405-1292 MADE in the U. The TrenchFormer cast-in-place concrete forming system for forming trench drains, catch basins, utility chases, and voids in concrete placement is manufactured by ABT Inc. Cover the filter fabric with a 3-4” layer of crushed stone. Without proper maintenance, we run the risk of costly repairs, foul odors, and lowered productivity. About this item. 1" H x 39. 6. A-15 B-125 C-250 D-400. Do not have the pipe enter the basin flush with the side of the basin. The pre-sloped commercial trench drain line is offered in 2″ , 4″ , 6″ , 8″ , 10″ , 12″ , 18″ , 24″ , 36″, and 48″ widths. 37” (1m) 71002 8. Modular commercial trench drain with variety of grates. The standard Pro-S channel is the S-192 but other channel depths to accommodate particular circumstances are also available. Use the 9x9 catch basin as part of a complete drainage system to collect and direct heavy flows of water to drain pipe and take it away to a discharge point downstream such as a pop-up emitter or to percolate. Overlap the sock ends after you connect them. Select an area where the slope will ensure the water runs into the. 4 in. com. Micro Channel Drain and grate are one integrated piece; modular design makes it easy to customize layout. . $ 30 – 60 per linear foot. About this item . Did my video above HELP you? How about treating me to a mocha-chip ice cream cone? Quick Start Guide here: h. The NDS Pro Series is a lightweight Channel drain system with interlocking joints, so connections are made quickly and easily. ( 52) Pro Series Channel Drains Patios, Driveway, Sports Fields. It'll help prevent floodin. In essence, a trench drain consists of a large trench that has a drain channel set in place with concrete. Top Rated. Eliminating outdoor runoff water which can cause flooding and pooling around a property is quick and easy with the RELN Storm Drain Channel system. Set the drain port in place and trace along the outside. 20ft Price: $209. French drains need to have a slope of at least 1 percent, so the force of gravity will work for you. S. wide, 3-3/4 in. A small team of installers is usually all that is necessary to be able to place a plastic trench drain system. A sub-surface system of yard drainage pipes are connected to drop inlets or catch basins where water. Dig trench for pipe, Micro Channel Drain, and Flo-Well. Or fastest delivery Fri, Sep 15. 87 $ 165. Select the product below to find out more. It consists of a long, narrow channel covered by a grate. Shop for Trench Drains at Ferguson. The trench should be about 18 inches deep and 9 to 12 inches wide. T hese products are used to collect excess runoff water and dispense it into an undergroundDura Trench prefabricated trench drain systems are our most popular product line. Specs and Installation. Long runs with continuous slope and traffic. Secure both ends of the fabric with staples. 7. Dig a trench about 10–12 in (25–30 cm) wide and 1. End outlets are standard, but if you need to disperse large amounts of water, take advantage of the bottom outlets. The video shown here displays the assembly and installation of the K100 series. Compare. Featuring multiple size options and an interlocking design, this drain system offers flexibility. 4" L. As part of a complete drainage system, channel drains collect and convey water to drain pipes, which carry the water downstream to discharge with a pop-up emitter or to percolate into the ground with a dry well or infiltration trench. Length. 94 /box. EZ-Flow Drains have specially engineered flow channels to improve flow rate, compared to traditional gravel and pipe. THE MARKET PLACE Airport Terminal SACRAMENTO INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT Micro Channel™ Drain Ideal for residential patios, pools and spas where need for water. The Spee-D Channel Drain, part of the NDS Profile Channel series, is ideal for collecting moderate water flows from. This is an easy DIY french drain project for any homeowner looking for a cheap drainage solution. ABT’s PolyDrain system goes head-to-head with ACO on commercial construction specifications. Saves labor up to 75%. TRENCH DRAINCompact Series 5. L x 5. 07" Deep Dura Slope Channel Drain SKU # DS-096. Easy to Install. sewer and drain fittings. Our Micro channel drain sections snap. 6%. They are placed just below the ground and come in several different styles and materials. PRO-SNAP® prevents loose or rattling grates and offers rugged protection. The first key part of the process of adding a trench drain to concrete is the design. The Mini Channel trench drain system includes a choice of sand or grey colored channel. Zurn Z874 Series Trench Drain System; Zurn Z800 Series Fiberglass Trench Drain System; Zurn Z888 Series Slotted Drainage System; Zurn Z700 Series Frame and Grate System; Zurn ZS880 SS Shower Drain By Item; Zurn Z882 Special Order Grates; Zurn Z886 Special Order Grates; Zurn by the Foot; More Zurn; Zurn Z874-12 12" Wide Trench. Afterwards, connect your drain pipe to the end drain outlet. Low-profile Drain System: Dimensions of each channel: 5. This channel can be very narrow or very wide and is usually covered with a heavy metal grate. The Slim Channel Drain Kit comes with a polyvinyl chloride channel drain preassembled with slotted. Saves labor up to 75%. Made from 100% recycled plastic with renewable solar energy. NDS Pro Series Channel Drains are lightweight, but feature side ribs and thick channel walls for added strength. Channel and trench drain systems provide reliable, cost-effective solutions to solve predictable water-management issues. com. No matter which drainage system you need, focus on proper installation, the correct drain for the job, the proper grate, and maintenance of the trench drain. Place 1-2 inches of concrete gravel in the trench where the channel drain is going to be set (the amount of gravel will depend on the space). ACO Drain ® systems are available in 50mm, 100mm, 200mm and 300mm internal widths, and are available with a built-in slope for up to 40 metres of. NDS, Gray 241-1 Spee-D Channel Drain Grate, 4-1/8 in. 200 Series is made of environmentally harmless 200 Series HPC (HighSpark 2 Channel Specifications. Grating Info. Channel drains are made from a variety of materials such as plastic and concrete. Low-profile Drain System: Dimensions of each channel: 5. More Details. Commercial water drainage systems allow safe and efficient drainage for grassed areas, gardens, farms, patio areas, pool sides, office. 3" wide Light Traffic Channel Grate and Channel Drain with mechanical interlocking joints and UV. PPE plastic snap and lock connection , removable for cleaning. Trench drains have easier installation and can be great french drain alternatives as per the site’s terrain, soil strength, and water retaining capacity. Some can be as short as a foot or two while others can easily span over 10 feet. Advantages of an interior vs. black channel drains. At ABT, we are proud to be the premier supplier of line drainage products in America. The Slim Channel Drain Kit comes with a polyvinyl chloride channel drain preassembled with slotted. About this item . 4. An open channel or drain system generally consists of a secondary drainage system, with a network of small drains attached (micro-drainage). This is one of the reasons that many people prefer to use plastic drainage whenever they can. Channel drains, also known as trench drains, are long, narrow drains that collect water and direct it to drain pipe; the water is carried to a discharge point downstream such as. Buy VEVOR Trench Drain System, Channel Drain with Plastic Grate, 5. Unlike other systems on the list, trench drains are a surface system. ACO Drain consists of cast polymer concrete bodies with either galvanized steel, stainless steel or cast iron wearing edges. KlassikDrain – K300 Type 805D Galvanized Steel Mesh Grate Spec Sheet. Zurn Industries Z886 6-1/4" Wide Reveal Trench Drain System. The 8″ Swiftdrain trench drain system is best in class and price in functionality, durability and longevity. Unlike traditional round outdoor drains, channel drains extend along a line, enabling them to handle a higher volume of water, thereby preventing issues with water pooling. The Micro Channel Drain and grate, as part of a complete. With the interlocking connection design, you can install it easily. Its pre-sloped, original design, innovative features, and durable construction combine to create a drain that delivers efficient installations with straight, level runs and stable, long-term, warranted performance. wide channel design features recessed grate and grate openings parallel to channel length. Add to basket. W x 5. NDS Micro Channel Drains; NDS Slim Channel; NDS Mini Channel. long for smaller sections. Under Deck drainage systems protect your deck frame from moisture that can cause wood rot and decay while creating a dry, usable area underneath your second-story deck. A. A trench drain system is an elongated drainage system used to remove excess surface water from an area, by use of a drainage channel, covered with a grate. They are capable of handling heavy water flow, are quick and simple to install. ACO Drain is available in 2″, 4”, 8” and 12” internal widths, and are available with up to 130 ft (40m) of built-in continuous slope. 25" - 28". Trench is often installed when standing water becomes an issue due to landscape, hardscape, land use,. lengths, with interlocking sections that snap-in together to create the desired length that suits. Do not have the pipe enter the basin flush with the side of the basin. A depth of at least 2-3 feet is recommended. Commercial water drainage systems allow safe and efficient drainage for grassed areas, gardens, farms, patio areas, pool sides, office. L Channel Drain Kit with Gray Grate (6-Pack). Slip joints for fast and easy installation. 69" Deep Dura Slope Channel. Quick View Mfr. 07" H. 3 in. 00 incl VAT. Length. Dig a trench from the place in your yard that needs drainage to your chosen outlet. 34 to 5. Create a. It is ideal for swimming pools, spas, patios and paver landscape applications. At Andy’s Sprinkler, Drainage & Lighting, we provide channel drain systems maintenance to keep your investment in top shape. Instead, this modular system uses interlocking 0. This channel can be very narrow or very wide and is usually covered with a heavy metal grate. 68 to 6. Compared to its peers; Swiftdrain has trench drains that are identical in functionality for a third of the price. Channel Drainage. KlassikDrain is a general purpose trench drain system available in 4″ (100 mm) – K100, 8″ (200 mm) – K200 and 12″ (300 mm) – K300 internal width with either galvanized or stainless steel edge rail. L Trench and Channel Drain with Black Grate. 7" W x 3. Trench Drain - POLYCAST. Interior systems. B. It'll help prevent floodin. NDS Micro Channel Drain Systems are engineered with recessed grate openings and improved runoff capture for residential applications. The PRO-PLUS® Trench Drain System is available in 39. AXOR AXOR Drain Finish set shower drain 700. Step 11. Pro series channel drainage system to collect and direct water to drain pipes for proper release downstream; Removable grate makes it easy to clean debris from channel for maintenance; 5 in. How to Unclog a Toilet. The drain is one meter long each. Storm Drain 40 in. 125″. This 6″ wide pre sloped trench drain system is both sanitary and hygienic, easy to install and most importantly lasts the test of time . These 3″ wide non-sloped channels are UV protected and manufactured from durable lightweight polyolefin. 4. Zurn Industries, LLC | Specification Drainage Operation 1801 Pittsburgh Avenue, Erie, PA U. Effectively gathering and dispersing of water runoff is crucial to water vegetation and prevent drowning. In Stock. The Different Types of Trench Drains. MEALINE S Drainage Channel with Galvanised Slotted Grating 1m - A15. Additional Info. 4" L. RELN Storm Drain Channel series with Architectural 316 Stainless Steel (6-Pack) Model # 003113 SKU # 1001690415. Comes with 1 Spee-D channel drain 90° elbow and drain grate. Trench and Channel Drain Systems w/Black Grate. 1-Inch HDPE Drainage Trench, Black Plastic Garage Floor Drain, 6x39 Trench Drain Grate, with 6 End Caps, for Garden, Driveway-6 Pack. Trench Drains. Perforated pipe and gravel let water drain naturally. Average Cost. It is designed to handle light, low. About this item . Can be installed and serviced year round in any weather. Using a shovel or small excavator, dig a trench that covers the length of the channel drain and the drain pipe. Trench drains have easier installation and can be great french drain alternatives as per the site’s terrain, soil strength, and water retaining capacity. 1-Inch HDPE Drainage Trench, Black Plastic Garage Floor Drain, 6x39 Trench Drain Grate, with 6 End Caps, for Garden, Driveway-6 Pack. Whether installed in the yard or the basement, a French drain works on the same principle. Available in gray. Part Number. Zurn Z882-HDG 12” [305] wide reveal trench drain system with galvanized steel frame. exterior drainage system. Modular commercial trench drain with a variety of grates. 3. Commercial water drainage systems allow safe and efficient drainage for grassed areas, gardens, farms, patio areas, pool sides, office buildings, driveways, or factory interiors. Need help now? Call us today 610-638-1221Our systems are engineered for versatility, so a system that starts with a kit can be easily expanded as landscaping and watering needs change. Commercial water drainage systems allow safe and efficient drainage for grassed areas, gardens, farms, patio areas, pool sides, office. Channel with 2. Can be installed and serviced year round in any weather. Low-profile Drain System: Dimensions of each channel: 5. Comes in 4 foot sections to easily extend runs. All systems have 130 ft (40 m) continuous slope. Con: Installing an interior French drain in an existing basement is a major project. U. Our first and highly recommended alternative for french drains is employing a valley instead. . Josam’s PRO-SNAP® Grate Securing System for PRO-PLUS® Trench Drains can be secured and removed quickly & easily with a single hand movement, eliminating the use of bolts or special tools. The longer, modular assembly and formulated material allow contractors to handle our trench drains without heavy lifting. 9x5. Dig the Trench. GMS Heelproof Trench Grates and Frames. Otherwise, overlap pieces of fabric by at least 12 inches and secure the ends with fabric staples driven into the ground with a hammer. As part of a complete drainage system, channel drains collect and convey water to drain pipes, which carry the water downstream to discharge with a pop-up emitter or to percolate into the ground with a dry well or infiltration trench. Part #865-EO 3. Track and field drainage systems. NDS Dura Slope Trench Drain Systems are designed to provide a solution for residential, commercial, and industrial drainage needs. PolyDrain. Small drains are also used to capture splashes and drips around pools and water features. As a leading manufacturer of advanced drainage solutions, we are experts in our field and have invested heavily to support you. Download. SK2-00 Neutral channel - 39. together to create the desired length that suits your project. 5% slope or 28″ deep at 1% slope to handle the flow volume of 10 cfs. Applications Driveways - Positioned between the garage and the driveway. (See below for a shopping list, tools, and steps. Plastic Channel Drains – can only be used for residential driveways since they are not engineered for vehicular weight – unless they’re encased in concrete – so the preferred solution is to install a precast concrete system. Trench drains work by intercepting the flow of water runoff. sewer and drain fittings. This system is A Class load rated - for pedestrian use , and very light traffic. 6% slope and 4″ radius interior for maximum flow velocity. A. Advantages of an interior vs. per linear feet open surface area 51 GPM per feet flow rate. Available in gray. Each Channel is 3. Built in bottom outlets at one end of the trench drain to easily connect 3 in sewer and drain pipe, or. 69” [500mm]. 5. 5Wx3. Our EZ-Flow French Drain Systems offer a gravel-free alternative to a traditional french drain pipe, cutting installation time and cost in half. Next, a long channel drain is placed in the trench. The system is 4 inch internal width - 5. However, some leakage is expected. Commercial water drainage systems allow safe and efficient drainage for grassed areas, gardens, farms, patio areas, pool sides, office. Whether it is a new or existing application there is a solution. The top-selling product within RELN Channel Drains is the RELN Storm Drain Deep Series 5 in. . 49. Each Perma-Trench drainage system is composed of an impact resistant HDPE material. Load Class. Modular Design. $6981. We offer a water drainage channel system, along with many options for all your water drainage needs. wide channel design features recessed grate and grate. Neutral channel sections can also cause debris to settle out of the system and increase maintenance cycles of the trench drain. Grating Info. Depth of the Curtain Drain: The depth of the trench for the curtain drain will depend on the location and severity of the water problem. Trench Drain Systems offers cut sheets for NDS dura slope system, mini channel, slim channel, catch basins and more. The installed height of the channel with grate is 3. g. KlassikDrain is a general purpose trench drain system available in 4″ (100 mm) – K100, 8″ (200 mm) – K200 and 12″ (300 mm) – K300 internal width with either galvanized or stainless steel edge rail. 6" wide pre sloped trench drain system. Gratings Gratings sit on top of the channel body at the surface level and come in various inlet openings that allow surface water to drain into the channel. Perma-Trench channels are lightweight, making drainage systems easy to install. Available in 5 foot lengths, EZflow NDS French Drain system features a slotted pipe surrounded by a polystyrene aggregate enclosed in a geotextile mesh. 7" W x 3. Steel Edge – HK Series. 7. If you use neutral (non-sloping) channels be aware of what it does to the flow capacity of the system. Find all the channel drains accessories you need and save BIG! Skip to main content. It is ideal for swimming pools, spas, patios and paver landscape applications. Connect your 3- or 4-inch drain pipe to the end outlet and use the tabs to connect it. Simply choose amongst its many design, color, and size options to create a custom trench drain. Install The Piping. The HK series is based on the KlassikDrain grate and rail system where grates are secured with either the QuickLok locking system or DrainLok boltless locking. The range comprises modular and durable drainage channels, manufactured from corrosion-resistant polymer concrete. Channel Drains Trench Drain System 5. 1 | P a g e Modular Range 200 Series Trench drain system is a full range of modular channels with gratings. Please note that these systems are not interchangeable. The four main types of residential draining systems include surface, subsurface, slope, and downspouts, and gutter systems. NDS offers a range of durable and easy to install channel and trench drain systems for various drainage needs, from pools and spas to driveways and parking lots. 2x39. This flexibility allows you to easily create a customized drainage system for your home. KlassikDrain is a general purpose trench drain system available in 4″ (100 mm) – K100, 8″ (200 mm) – K200 and 12″ (300 mm) – K300 internal width with either galvanized or stainless steel edge rail. Commercial water drainage systems allow safe and efficient drainage for grassed areas, gardens, farms, patio areas, pool sides, office. 1-Inch HDPE Drainage Trench, Black Plastic Garage Floor Drain, 6x39 Trench Drain Grate, with 6 End Caps, for Garden, Driveway-6 Pack. NDS EZ-Drain French Drain system offers a gravel-free alternative and features engineered flow channels that increase capacity, for superior flow rates. 5" H x 39. System Type: 1. Rain Bird offers a range of channel drain products for various applications, such as sidewalks, driveways, patios and light commercial sites. Dig the trench. Stainless channels come in 48″ and 24″ lengths with neutral channels to allow for longer runs of drains. 9x5. (2) Not Available for Delivery. 6. As part of a complete drainage system, channel drains collect and convey water to drain pipes, which carry the water downstream to discharge with a pop-up emitter or to percolate into the ground with a dry well or infiltration trench. Channel Drain Systems Maintenance. 1. Storm Drain Channels are available in 40 in. 7% slope, 8 neutral channels available. Long runs with continuous slope and traffic. $165. Shop NDS Spee-D Channel Drains and Grates 10-ft L x 5-3/4-in W x 5-3/4-in dia Drain in the Outdoor Drainage Accessories department at Lowe's. There are two common types of trench drain. Each Channel is 3. Channel and Trench Drains. 1-Inch HDPE Drainage Trench, Black Plastic Garage Floor Drain, 3x39 Trench Drain Grate, with 3 End Caps, for Garden, Driveway-3 Pack. The Spee-D Channel Drain, part of the NDS Profile Channel series, is ideal for capturing moderate. The NDS Pro Series is a lightweight Channel drain. Kompaqdrain compact channel with Max Flow system High drainage capacity and maximum safety. Protective edge rails in galvanized steel (K series) or 304 stainless steel (KS series) Wide range of grates from ADA-compliant to heavy vehicular. Portfolios. Channel Drain System Services. VEVOR Trench Drain System, Channel Drain with Metal Grate, 5. Add 2″ to length of each channel for female joining flange (only applicable at shallowest end of trench run). 1" H x 39. Inverts start at 2. Learn more on our webiste!On the inside of the catch basin, pull the pipe inward. Also known as a trench drain or a linear drainage channel, a channel drain is an essential product for preventing drainage and rainwater issues on non-porous surfaces. S. All NDS Channel and Trench Drain. They’re also narrow and easy to disguise with plants or similar groundcovers, so you don’t need to worry about the drain covers ruining the aesthetics of your yard. Connecting pieces are also available to complete your installation. 8 sq. This type of drain system goes underneath the soil and is completely surrounded by soil and rock. 3. 9x7. Connect to Spee-D channel drainage system with coupling. A simple and easy way of determining flow rates through the grates can be found here. Eliminating outdoor runoff water which can cause flooding and pooling around a property is quick and easy with the RELN storm drain channel system. We offer a water drainage channel system, along with many options for all your water drainage needs. 4-Inch HDPE Drainage Trench,Channel Drain with Plastic Grate,Black Plastic Garage Floor Drain,3x39 Trench Drain Grate,with 3 End Caps, for Garden, Driveway-3 Pack, Hassle-Free Installation and Removable Grates at lowest price, 2days delivery, 30days returns. FREE delivery Sat, Sep 16. System Design: 1. The system can be extended upwards of 196 linear feet. Trench Drain Supply has a fine line of trench drain for commercial and residential purposes. 1-Inch HDPE Drainage Trench, Black Plastic Garage Floor Drain, 6x39 Trench Drain Grate, with 6. 3 in, Plastic Trench Drain System with 1 Outlet Adapter for Outdoor, Yard Fence, Pool, Sidewalk Drainage NDS 2351 Spee-D® Channel Drain Bottom Outlet Assembly, 4-3/4 inch X 7 inch, includes both Channel and Prefastened Gray. Low-profile Drain System: Dimensions of each channel: 5. We consider the contractor with every product feature and support service Zurn provides. Liquids shall be discharged by gravity flow at the end of the drain into an underground pipe system or culvert. 9x5. Modular commercial trench drain with a variety of grates. KERDI-LINE is available with both center and off-set outlets. com FREE DELIVERY possible on eligible purchases Rated for NDS Class A loads of (up to 60 psi) when properly installed-recommended for pedestrians, bicycles, and wheelchair traffic; ADA compliant and heel-proof. FILCOTEN Trench Drains Fiber-Reinforced Concrete. Top Rated. Learn more about our Dura Slope trench drains! A grated channel drain is a type of drainage system featuring a highly optimised, long, narrow design. NDS Slim Channel. Fits onto either end of the Spee-D Channel; no coupling required. 2 in. Single-slot grating Aesthetics and hydraulic capacity. 35" Deep Neutral Dura Slope Channel Drain SKU # DS-097N. Dura Trench can help with roadway and highway channel drain systems. 9" W x 7. The NDS Slim Channel system is a 2. Connect Spee-D channel drains together. TDS is one of the largest distributors of drainage products in the U. Starting with the deepest section or catch basin, set the first channel utilizing the integral Rebar Clip anchoring system. HDPE, Fiberglass, Ductile Iron and Stainless. The modular design of our Pro Series Channel Drains offers flexibility with interlocking joints that offer quick and easy connections. All grating tested and certified to ANSI/NSF/CAN 50-2020. Dig a trench which is large enough in height to accommodate a 50mm compacted sand base at the bottom, and is wide enough so that 100mm of concrete side fill on each side can surround the channel. Co-op was looking for excellent flow rates and it is corrosion resistant to the car wash chemicals. The water is carried to a discharge point downstream such as a pop-up emitter or to. 7x3. B. Each serves a small catchment area that ranges from a single property to several blocks of houses (WHO 1991). Channel & Trench Drains. Unlike traditional systems, Slot Drain as a slim drain channel opening that does not require a grate cover. deep and features a modular design with interlocking joints for a secure channel-to-channel connection-no couplings required, easy to cut to size in 4 in. 5 - 10 channel drains. Measure and cut all pipe to necessary lengths. Each channel measures 12″ wide and comes in 40″ sections. Overlapping. The trench should be about 18 inches deep and 9 to 12 inches wide. Track and field drainage systems.