All ST60+ and the tiller pilot devices are connected with Seatalk 1, which fills all Seatalk 1 female outlets on the ST60+ instruments with one outlet providing power. RE: [CA11] ST60 Wind vs ST60+. Hi dprice@plugnpay. The ST60+ has only recently been superceded, but with such a large installed base Raymarine will be stocking parts for these for years to come. High contrast LCD for wind speed, Beaufort, max wind, VMG, and tack angle reporting. Ein neues SeaTalkNG Netzwerk wird mit einem alten SeaTalk 1 Netzwerk verbunden. Don: General Classifieds (no boats) 21: 02-07-2020 14:15: Want To Buy: ST60. #8. Graphic display (38 pages) Marine Equipment Raymarine ST60 Rudder Angle Indicator Instrument Owner's Handbook Manual. The instrument is constructed in a rugged weather-proofed case to provide reliable performance, even under the most. ST60. This is the port side directional element. Page 10: Stand Alone Operation SeaTalk network. Table of Contents. When the unit beeps, immediately press Key 3 and Key 4 together momentarily. Depth, Speed and Wind transducer pods host traditional analog instrument transducers. Make sure the axle is totally clean of any marine growth. Accordingly the wind transducers leads may simply be unplugged from the ST60 Wind Instrument and. RealVision MAX Transom Mount Transducer for Axiom 2 Pro and RVM-1600 sonar systems. Welcome to the Raymarine Forum Ginodelg, ST60 and ST60+ instruments are functional equivalents, may be combined within a system, and used as replacements for one another. Joined: Nov 2017. 5 knots slower than actual speed (taken from a hand held Garmin). Find Raymarine Sun Covers at Raymarine. 1,853. (38 pages) Marine Equipment Raymarine ST60 Commissioning Manual. The part numbers for ST60/ST60+ instrument thumbscrews was Q120. Posts: 9,024. $494. This is the masthead power supply, coming from the ST50/ST60 display head. The Raymarine D800 / P17 Thru-Hull Retractable Transducer is a depth-only instrument transducer that provides a nearly flush, low-profile design to minimize drag. Sails Up. So I may have to replace the transducer and its cable. Using the optional flush-mount kit (A25003-P) ST60+ instruments can be low-profile mounted, matching Raymarine C-Series, E-Series and G-Series. Raymarine ST60 v ST70. Raymarine has produced two types of transducers for the ST60 Wind Instruments. Includes flush mount suncover (A25005-P) and hardware. Welcome to the Raymarine Forum Neil, Proper operation of Raymarine depth sounding products require that depth of the water beneath the transducer be at least 3'. 1479 posts · Joined 2007. If I disconnect the green wire from the back of the unit and reconnect it, the. The ST50 and ST50+ displays did not have a wind speed correction. RE: [CA11] ST60 wind, tested voltage. ST60+ knotmeter issue. The ST 80 is or was the high end of the Raymarine line and was dropped with the advent of the ST290. Harry, Performance sailors will seek the cleanest air, necessitating that the wind transducer be positioned as far as is permissible from objects which will alter the wind's natural path. Judith. The bottom two are red and green which are for the temperature sensor and the upper three are for the paddlewheel. The wind direction indicator still works, as do the instrument lights. Quick Specs . Hi there thanks soooo much for you prompt reply and for welcoming me to this community. Depth only. RAYMARINE MASTHEAD F/ST60 ONLY 1 $36295 FREE delivery Oct 25 - 30 Raymarine M78713-PZ Lexan Depth Transducer F/st60 & St290 1 $13094 FREE delivery Oct 24 - 26 Or fastest delivery Tue, Oct 24 The ST60 Wind instrument provides a 360° apparent wind scale and can be used either as a stand-alone unit, or as part of an integrated SeaTalk instrumentation system. Top Rated Plus. item 8 RAYMARINE ST60 DEPTH Instrument Display A22010 Autohelm Raytheon W Cord Manual RAYMARINE ST60 DEPTH Instrument Display A22010 Autohelm Raytheon W Cord Manual. Quick Specs . If cups are shaped like trapezoids (ST50, earlier ST60), then the part number for the replacement vane feather and cups is E28081. Raymarine ST60 masthead transducer circuitry. High contrast LCD for wind speed, Beaufort, max wind, VMG, and tack angle reporting. 27 $ 138. Quick ankerspil. Also, as was suggested, running the boat in circles a few times helps as well. That said, the transducers which were designed for use with the Raydata may simply be unplugged from the Raydata's transducer terminals and then plugged into the corresponding terminals of an i50 Tridata, ST60+ Tridata (retired), or. 49. Graphic display (38 pages) Marine Equipment Raymarine ST60 Rudder Angle Indicator Instrument Owner's Handbook Manual. L124C Discussion starter. RE: [DG11] Raytheon ST60 Tridata depth problem - Derek - Raymarine - Moderator - 03-22-19 05:02 AM Hi jaerikss Thank you for the feedback, testing in a bucket of water is not usually successful. Masthead mounting block and interconnect cable included. The paddlewheel on my removable ST60 Speed Log (initial instal approx 2003) has been damaged and needs to be replaced. This handbook describes how to install and use the Raymarine ST60+ Depth instrument. A25004-P. Hello Nick, I would guess that you may have moisture in the masthead connector. SS60 can be adapted to work with other systems using optional transducer adapter. i have an oceanis 523 and it has factory install Raymarine ST60 gear. Loch (Raymarine ST60), DSC VHF (Radio Ocean 4500 DSC), GPS (Raymarine Hydrotouch), Pilote automatique (Raymarine. Welcome to the Raymarine Forum bartonk1, The i60 Wind Instrument was designed to support the same wind transducer that the ST60 Wind Instrument had been designed to support. I still get water temp on the same display, so it appears that it is not the cable. It worked fine last year, but did not function last Friday in a two hour cruise to my slip. 5. Sellers with highest buyer ratings; Returns, money back; Ships in a business day with tracking; Learn More Top Rated Plus. The ST60 Wind instrument has built-in self-test functions to aid fault diagnosis. RE: ST60 Wind - Suspect wire damage. Page 22 ST60+ Speed Instrument Owner’s Handbook To find out the software version number of your ST60+ Speed instrument: 1. She came with a set of Raymarine ST60 instruments: speed, and wind. Remove the paddle wheel by poking the axle out from one side of the transducer to the other with a paper clip or something slightly smaller in diameter than the axle. Feb 1, 2018 #3 The ST-6000 is actually just the control head. This instrument provides a wide range of accurate navigational information, on a high quality Liquid Crystal Display (LCD). The direct vane is working fine. Post: #2. AIS Receivers & Transceivers. Marvelous. Graphic display (38 pages) Keep up to date with the latest software updates for your Raymarine products. Thank you for purchasing a Raymarine product. For non-performance applications, the standard arm wind. This handbook describes how to install and use the Raymarine ST60 Depth instrument. Manufacturer : Raymarine. I must find a way to live with that 🙂 Also I must remember to check that repeater setting on the st60. Previously this all worked fine, and I could see the depth as well as all of the other ST60 data on the Zeus. The cable for this is a 4 pin adapter to 5 pin NMEA micro cable and the Garmin part number is 010-12445-10. A1. I recently bought a 1984 Catalina 30 with a Raymarine ST60 Tridata (although might be an ST60+; it has a power button) installed. From this info can you tell if it is only the display unit or both display an xducer requiring replacement: Display and cducer connected. Have a Raymarine ST60 Tri-data (depth, speed thru water, temperature), and a ST60+ wind, that get data to a NMEA2000 network via a Seatalk1 to Seatalkng converter. Software version D8246-1 2. FactoryOutletStore. Fish Finders & Depth Finders. #1. Analog needle display reports relative wind angle from 000° to 180°. RE: ST60 depth trouble. Grace came with Raymarine ST60 series wind and depth instruments which use. i40 Depth, i40 Tridata, i50 Depth, i50 Tridata, i60 Wind, etc. Posts: 9,024. More about N2K: Replacing ST60 primary instrument displays with i70’s is a bit more involved without transducer inputs on the i70 like the ST60 Tridata has. Stay up to date with the latest Raymarine products, news and events. ) displacement. ST70 Instruments* ST60+ Instruments; ST290 Instruments; Compatible hull material: fiberglass. This instrument provides accurate depth, speed, trip and timer information, on a high quality Liquid Crystal Display (LCD). The communications interfaces of Raymarine's i50/i60/i70 Instruments are designed to support either SeaTalk or SeaTalkng communications, but not both. Following installation of the wind transducer, wind speed and direction. Update from Ed. In Stock. Embark on. Summary of Contents for Raymarine ST60. This handbook describes how to install and use the Raymarine ST60+ Depth instrument. Compatible with i60 Wind, iTC-5, ST60+ and. Power-up the ST60 Wind instrument. Raymarine P79, 600w In-Hull f/ST60. I have spliced cables for my wind indicator in the same manner as Fred's. Hole diameter for installation: 2 inch. This instrument provides accurate speed, log, trip and timer information, on a high quality Liquid Crystal Display (LCD). Your ST60+ Depth instrument provides depth information, plus maximum and minimum depth alarms. Joined: Oct 2014. Yes, email me the latest LightHouse software information and updates. Thermal Cameras Back to Thermal Cameras. RE: [CA11] ST60 to i50 conversion. Using this information to test my ST60+ wind instrument and xducer I had strange readings so went a bit further. Our Raymarine ST60 Tri Data display was shot. ST60 Close Hauled Wind Smart Wind. RAYMARINE SUN COVER FOR ST60+ PLUS SERIES & ST6002+ PILOT ; Frequently bought together. Explore Raymarine chart plotters for boats here. In Stock: Leaves Warehouse: Same Day. Free shipping. You should see a higher voltage on the output from the Speed from the masthead unit, you should expect to see between 3 to 5v or 0 volts when slowly turning the masthead anemometer, the output is a square wave twice a rotation. Shop now. Tridata’ s 3-line display is simple to read at a distance, with oversized readouts for critical depth and speed values. To access self-test mode, press Key 1 and Key 4 together for 4 seconds. Switching on and off All the time that power is applied to the instrument, you can use the depth button to switch the instrument off and on as follows: Raymarine Repair, Warranty & Returns. The latest in precision wind technology. I keep the paddle wheel very clean at all times. Very little info in documentation. #3. Experience fully-featured vector charts and advanced features like underwater bathymetry, satellite overlays and automatic routing options. Features: Functions include Wind Speed. Graphic display (38 pages) Marine Equipment Raymarine ST60 Rudder Angle Indicator Instrument Owner's Handbook Manual. Reviewed in the United States on April 6, 2022. The St 60 is still avalible. Simple push-button controls make ST60 Plus instruments extremely. Only 10 left in stock - order soon. Raymarine st60 tridata instrument owner's handbook (58 pages) Marine Equipment Raymarine DSM250 Owner's Handbook Manual. Game on. generally only paddle wheel ones pull out so you can clean them. This instrument provides accurate depth, speed, trip and timer information, on a high. Masthead mounting block and interconnect cable included. The ST60 Plus Speed System comes complete with display unit, sun cover, SeaTalk and power cables, Thru-hull speed/temp. The ST60 with a Rotavecta transducer is $870 and with the short arm windvane (seems to be the more popular style) it's MSRP is $1030. Like if I'm doing 6. Unfortunately, Raymarine can no longer service ST60 Wind instruments, necessitating that it be replaced with an i60 Wind instrument in the case of a failure. If cups are shaped like trapezoids, then the part number for the. Product Accessories ST60 Plus Flush Mount Kit Related Products Durable anodized aluminum and UV-stabilized plastic construction. This handbook describes how to install and use the Raymarine ST60+ Speed instrument. Slowly turn the vessel through two complete circles. These were all linked to an autopilot 6000+ control head via Sea Talk wire. Q1. Welcome to the Raymarine Forum Ron, Please click here to view a FAQ addressing how to test a wind transducer. The Raymarine Smart Wind transducer features an integrated 3D motion sensor to provide highly accurate, calibrated wind speed and direction data. i60 Wind Masthead only, no cables ONLY works with Raymarine st60 and i60 series wind displays. [CA11] ST60 and ST60CH issues with new wind vane. ST50 and ST60 instruments should be compatable through the Seatalk. This handbook describes how to install and use the Raymarine ST60+ Club House Wind instrument, which is intended for use ashore (e. Depth instrument (46 pages) Marine Equipment Raymarine ST60 Operating Manual. 8%. Blue to Shield should read anywhere between 2 and 6 volts DC. 00 + $15. This instrument provdi es accurate depth, speed, trip and timer information, on a high quality Liquid Crystal Display (LCD). The exact information available for display depends on what data is available and on how the display has been set up. The depth indicator (also a Raymarine ST60+) would often in shallower water, 15-200 feet, give an accurate reading that would correspond closely to the nautical chart. Raymarine ST60+ Depth Display instrument provides accurate depth information in either feet, fathoms or meters on its extra-large, high quality ST60+ LCD display. Pre-Owned. The ST60+ Graphic Display is a repeater. Jul 12, 2010. You just need a Raymarine E22158 ST 1 to STng conversion kit and either a male or female STng to NMEA 2000 drop cable: Male STng to NMEA 2K = A06046. I can’t seem to find any specific information about linking these to a manufacturer agnostic NMEA2000 network. $59. Our chartplotters bring your marine charts to life with high-definition displays and fast quad-core performance. Q2. Free Ground Shipping*. Scorpio's sailing instruments are (or were): 4 ST60 in the cockpit (multi, depth, speed, wind) and 2 ST60's below deck at the nav-station (multi - wind). RE: replacing ST60 with i60. Raymarine ST60+ instruments offer convenient and flexible mounting configurations. Hello Todd, No problem. i50 Tridata. I have 3 ST60 instruments, and the speedo developed a dark bloom in the centre and seems broken. The instrument is constructed in a rugged weather-proofed case to provide reliable performance, even under the most demanding conditionsThe E22078 Wind Transducer is indeed designed to replace any masthead wind transducers which had been designed for use with ST60 or ST60+ Wind Instruments, irrespective of the shape of the wind transducer cups employed on the currently installed wind transducer. The i50/i60 instruments are supplied with a 400mm spur cable. Will an old E26031 work with an ST60 and be compatible with the thru hull? Thanks. What are your thoughts on these two instrument ranges. : Raymarine ST60 Plus Wind System. This handbook describes how to install and use the Raymarine ST60+ Speed instrument. 3. SmartPilot. Compatible with i60 Wind, iTC-5, ST60+ and ST60 series instruments. However, while ST4000+/ST5000+ autopilots and ST60 instruments are supported for use with a. This instrument provides accurate depth information in either feet, metres or fathoms, on a high quality Liquid Crystal Display (LCD). Raymarine P66 Transom Mount Depth Transducer. (38 pages)ST60 Tridata Instrument Owner’s Manual 1. My SO40 had two helms with only a ST60 tridata and ST60 wind display on Starboard and nothing to port. We are sure your ST60 instrument will give you many years of trouble-free operation. 55 +$19. Raymarine ; Electronics, Categories ; Buy it with. RE: ST60 Wind Problem. In Auto mode the ST60 Compass instrument acts as a slave display to the autopilot, with the autopilot ’s locked heading displayed on the ST60 Compass ST60 instrument dimensions D5785-4 EMC installation guidelines All Raymarine equipment and accessories are designed to the best industry standards for use in the recreational marine environment. Yes, email me the latest news, product information and offers from Raymarine. Whenever the ST60 Wind is plugged into the converter (in any combination of ST1 connections), the MFD loses Depth (and no wind still). The ST60+ Wind System provides accurate wind speed and direction information. 99 shipping. 3. Self-test stage 1 A. None None Rochester, NY. It is replacing an older ST50 unit. Was given plenty of opportunity. RVM-100 Transducer. $220. 90 + $19. Reputation: 43. With a legacy of innovation spanning over 80 years, Raymarine has been at the forefront of sailing technology, pushing boundaries and empowering sailors to go further and faster. A1. Page 32 ST60+ Tridata Instrument Owner’s Handbook 2. Applications: ST70, ST70+, ST60, ST60+, and i60 Displays and iTC-5 Transducer Converter; Note: Older model Raymarine ST60 wind systems use the E28081 transducer service kit. As these products can no longer be serviced, some or all of these parts may no. They are all 2. 80. 5 Raymarine course computer (providing 12 V dc power supply to SeaTalkng network. Power consumption is so efficient that units can run autonomously for up to 300 hours. 5. Opens in a new window or tab. ST60+ instruments may be switched ON/OFF via a dedicated button. As Raymarine can no longer service ST60+ instruments, you may want to consider sending the wind transducer to Raymarine’s Product Repair Center to be bench checked / serviced. Raymarine supply an accessory (Part #E85001) for converting Seatalk to NMEA 0183. Please note that Raymarine can no longer service ST60/ST60+ instruments, making it necessary to replace the instrument to correct this issue. Raymarine Autopilot S1. Raymarine A75 kortplotter. 5 Remote control When it is connected to SeaTalk, the ST60 Tridata instrument can be controlled remotely with a SeaTalk Remote Keypad Unit. From depth, speed, and temperature to wind speed and direction, Raymarine has an instrument transducer to suit your boating requirements. Our chartplotters bring your marine charts to life with high-definition displays and fast. Welcome to the Raymarine Forum Running Late, Q1. Cue card compass (3 pages) Marine Equipment Raymarine ST60 Quick Start Manual. With ST60+ wind instruments there are 3 basic modes of failure. Raymarine ST60 Speed Trouble. Joined: Oct 2014. . Graphic display (38 pages) Marine Equipment Raymarine ST60 Rudder Angle Indicator Instrument Owner's Handbook Manual. anyone else's (Airmar makes almost all of them). What is the best fix?? - second hand replacement? - just replace speedo unit - will the wiring be the same? - will the hole to fit it be the same? This is my first boat (Beneteau Idylle) and I. 00) $93. The DST800 is a traditional analog Depth, Speed and Temperature transducer for Raymarine instrument systems. I replaced the wind vane transducer circuit board and reinstalled it at the mast top (after a successful bench top test) and I now have wind sped and direction displaying on both my master and slave ST60+ wind instruments. ) 6 12 / 24 V dc power supply 7 Raymarine AIS transceiver 8 Raymarine SeaTalkng GPS 9 Man over board 10 SeaTalk to SeaTalkng converter 11 SeaTalkng 5 way blocks 12 Raymarine multifunction display 13 Engine data (via devicenet adaptor cable. This instrument provdi es accurate depth, speed, trip and timer information, on a high quality Liquid Crystal Display (LCD). Thank you for purchasing a Raymarine product. Post: #3. 4. Raymarine Adaptor Cable 25pin to 9pin to Attach DownVision Transducer to Axiom RV $92. We have a set of 3 x Raymarine ST60 instruments (Speed/Log, Depth and Wind) connected with Seatalk1 and want to upgrade to NMEA2000 so I can add further repeaters, or an MFD as well as make it open for other inputs/outputs. $33. Troubleshooting a SeaTalk communications failure. Thank you for purchasing a Raymarine product. 0 out of 5 stars2 ratings. All prices are Raymarine list price excluding sales taxes and VAT. The SeaTalk to SeaTalkng Converter will form part of a powered and properly terminated SeaTalkng / NMEA 2000 backbone. 2. The ST60 display has a set of 5 terminals on the back. Derek - Raymarine - Moderator Administrator: Posts: 1,416 Joined: Nov 2017 Reputation: 9: RE: (DG) Replacing early style masthead Wind transducer . 12 ST60 Rudder Angle Indicator Instrument Owner’s Handbook 2. If cups are shaped like trapezoids (ST50, earlier ST60. Upgrade Raymarine ST60 to I60. ST290. $29. #1 · Jul 9, 2009 (Edited) I have a ST60 Raymarine wind instrument. Raymarine ST60 instrumenter. The software version is 1. However Raymarine appreciates that some customers do not have access to the latest technologies, or simply prefer to read a printed manual. com. The unit will enter self-test stage 1. After certain time the instruments beep 4 or 5 times and reboot showing. Thank you for purchasing a Raymarine product. There is an ST60 Speed display on my sailboat that just started having a problem the other day. Victron Blue Smart solar mppt 75/15. Users can upgrade from a Wi-Fi-connected Axiom display or download LightHouse 4 to a microSD card. It was originally fitted with a Raymarine suite, but the chartplotter and radar has recently been upgraded to a Garmin 1042xsv unit. Stand alone operation In Stand alone operation, the ST60 Tridata instrument is connected. The wind speed indicator suddenly stopped working, and the numbers were replaced by dashes. GNSS antenna, with captive cable 10m (33 ft). Page 29 Chapter 3: Installation Fitting the flush mount bezel 3. i70. Wind & Close Hauled Wind Instruments. i60 Wind Key Features. Find your nearest Raymarine dealer. Sep 21, 2016. Welcome to the Raymarine Forum Mitch, As you had suggested, one need simply removed the transducer leads from the ST60 Tridata and then mate them to the same color coded terminals of the i50 Tridata. In Auto mode the ST60 Compass instrument acts as a slave display to the autopilot, with the autopilot ’s locked heading displayed on the ST60 CompassST60 instrument dimensions D5785-4 EMC installation guidelines All Raymarine equipment and accessories are designed to the best industry standards for use in the recreational marine environment. Details. Introduction The Raymarine ST60 Graphic Display uses a high-quality dot-matrix screen to display wide a range of data, both from Raymarine via SeaTalk, and from other equipment via NMEA. I decided to fit a ST70 on the port helm with the intention to add more. When the instrument is first powered up, the display illumination is set to its lowest (courtesy) level. Feb 21, 2013. Unlike traditional "puck" type transducers, Raymarine's P79 consists of a base that is bonded to the hull and filled. I know it is possible to adjust the ST60+ to give a corrected reading, but cannot fathom out how to do it. Page 13: Chapter 1: Operation. Raymarine's 30M Masthead Cable and Base for Raymarine ST60 and i70. Complete the quick form and we will send you an email alert when relevant new software is released. R-Shield. The stainless steel through-hull fitting is ideal for most metal, wood, or fiberglass hulls. Its high-contrast LCD and red backlighting combine to deliver superior. Customer Reviews: 5. This handbook describes how to install and use the Raymarine ST60 Depth instrument. The Raymarine ST60 Wind Vane Transducer is compatible with: ST70*. This instrument gives a continuously updated (real time) display of your vessel’s rudder angle. Using this information to test my ST60+ wind instrument and xducer I had strange readings so went a bit further. Portability. Embark. View and Download Raymarine ST60 operating manual online. When operating in depths less than this value, the depth sounding product may report 2 to 3 times higher depth values (due to a second or third. Raymarine ST60 Wind Vane Transducer w/30M Cable Marine , Boating Equipment. $379. The latest in precision wind technology. If cups are shaped hemispheres (shown below, used on later ST60/60+ to the present time), then the part number for the. Depth, Speed and Wind transducer pods host traditional analog instrument transducers. Reputation: 0. Also, as was suggested, running the boat in circles a few times helps as well. 99 (Save $6. Shop Black Friday deals. Multifunction displays (464 pages)Want To Buy: Raymarine ST60, ST60+ Close Hauled Indicator: windseeker33647: General Classifieds (no boats) 2: 23-08-2020 19:58: For Sale: Raymarine RL70 chartplotter, ST5000+ Autopilot, ST60 Tridata, ST60 Speed, Compass: Capt. if the existing transducer is depth only without a paddle wheel. Cost of these sun covers to fit an ST60 or ST60+ instrument is A$27. 100 Euros, GPS Raymarine, Vhf fixe et portable. Product Name. 7. 99 (Save $7. Analog needle display reports relative wind angle from 000° to 180°. Page 8 Note: AUTOPILOT chapterThe ST60 Depth alone (speed and temp not included) has a MSRP of $465. Raymarine ST60+ Tridata System provides accurate depth, speed, trip and timer information on a high visibility 3-line LCD display. 00. The depth is then repeated on my Zeus2, which is also on the network. Raymarine's web master has been notified to make this change to the Masthead Wind Transducer's web page accordingly. Make sure the axle is totally clean of any marine growth. Raymarine ST60 Multidisplay (2x) Raymarine ST-6000 Linear Drive Autohelm iPad with iNavX Will be adding AIS transponder, wifi multiplexer, laptop in Nav station, and MFD in cockpit. sailjumanji, The i50 Tridata should have been packaged with both a 400mm SeaTalkng Spur Cable and a SeaTalk to SeaTalkng Cable. Location: canada. Instrument transducers accurately and reliably record a range of data to be displayed on Raymarine i40, i50, i60, and i70 series marine instruments. This instrument provides accurate depth information, in either feet, meters or fathoms, on a high quality Liquid Crystal Display (LCD). We are sure your ST60 instrument will give you many years of trouble-free operation. In addition we have a second autopilot with an ST6002 control head, but those are on an isolated circuit and outside. A lot of folks don't realize that STng is essentially NMEA 2000 and once your ST1 data is converted into STng/NMEA 2000 the conversion & connection.