rtx 4060 ti undervolt. The process of undervolting your GPU. rtx 4060 ti undervolt

 
The process of undervolting your GPUrtx 4060 ti undervolt  It usually stays at 1950-1965MHz after temperatures settle down

1920x1080. Aotrx. WITH DLSS 3. Nvidia GeForce RTX 4060 Ti 16GB. first high end gpu, and first serious undervolting as well. Any help is greatly appreciated. Asus Dual GeForce RTX 4060 Ti White OC Edition 8GB. The GeForce RTX 4060 Ti 16 GB is a high-end graphics card by NVIDIA, launched on May 18th, 2023. However, the actual PCB (Printed Circuit Board) under the cooler is different. BEYOND FAST. My operating temps are now at stock levels (70-72c) whilst fans are blaring at a measly 50%. Turbo increases the memory speed +100MHz. Use afterburner, open curve with ctrl+f. Supports 3D. Undervolting really seems to be the best option in terms of GPU optimization for the RTX 4000 series. For gamers playing on previous-gen GPUs, the NVIDIA Ada Lovelace architecture graphics card offers a substantial upgrade, enabling you to supercharge. The RTX 4060 Ti started out life as an over-priced $399 GPU that was only able to beat the RTX 3060 Ti by less than 20% in gaming performance, and couldn't. Stabilite kontrolü hala devam ediyor şu ana kadar herhangi bir çökme olmadı. techpowerup. $429. Despite this, I have seen my G5 go beyond 2,050 MHz! Then when it reaches it's highest temperature at 87C it throttles down the core clock to around 1,200 MHz, thus reducing the gaming performance. Iv got the. #2. Core Voltage : -. 🔧 SPECS 🔧 ️ AMD Ryzen™ 7 5800X3D BEYOND FAST. The whole reason, why we can get a positive offset to the curve, is. With a quality build and overclock it does provide the performance. Be it a 4090, 4080, 4070 Ti or even a 4060 Ti, I’d still. The RTX 3060 doesn't even BEGIN to throttle until the GPU temperature reaches 93°C. I tried following some of the guides in this subreddit too. I don't want to overclock/tune it any further, my question would be regarding the. Okay it comes out at the same price as the RTX 3060 did, and we know how much more powerful the 4000 series cards are. But rtx 40xx series is total opposite, 4070ti, 4080 & ti and 4090 are the only one which have good performance but are overpriced even after using non-branded ssd and ram. Some users might prefer to save a buck and go with the older gen. Stable OC values for GIGABYTE GEFORCE RTX 3060 TI EAGLE GDDR6X OC 8G 3X fans upvotes. 081V, Perfcap reason is Vrel. The specs are : dell g15 5510 with 3060 laptop gpu 6gb , i7-10870h. 4W. Port Royal 28,587 with NVIDIA GeForce RTX 4090 and AMD Ryzen 9 7950X NO MOD. 8% faster than the GeForce RTX 3060 Ti at this resolution, making it faster than. If you don't care, fine, go along. 962v. Hi there guys, as always I do with my newer GPUs, like of the 3060 Ti, here, which was a 3060Ti Gaming OC Pro with 270W max TDP, or the 3080 here, which was shunt modded (480W). GeForce RTX 4060 boasts a computing power of 15 TFLOPS (~30% lower than the RTX 4060 Ti) and 8 GB of memory on a 128-bit interface. The GeForce RTX™ 4060 Ti and RTX 4060 let you take on the latest games and apps with the ultra-efficient NVIDIA Ada Lovelace architecture. In Afterburner, type ” -200 ” in ‘core clock’, press enter and press the check in the bottom to apply. I just reduced the default voltage in MSI Afterburner for my chip to. The triple-slot, triple-fan thermal solution that could fit a RTX 4070 Ti runs whisper quiet at an impressive 23 dBA and super cool at only 56°C,. Nvidia GeForce RTX 4060 Ti Review: The Disappointment Is Real r/nvidia • NVIDIA is presenting Neuralangelo, a framework for high-fidelity 3D surface reconstruction (and nearly 30 other projects) at CVPR 2023Nvidia GeForce RTX 4060 Geekbench listing confirms marginal performance uplift over the RTX 3060. The MSI GeForce RTX 4060 Gaming X is only two slots wide and uses a standard 8-pin PCI Express power connector. My laptop is Eluktronics RP-15 and GPU is 110W RTX 2060 Refresh with low voltage chipset. Inside and out, every element of the card gives the monstrous GPU headroom to breathe freely and achieve ultimate performance. Hello guys (and ladies, if there is someone out there). Like the latter, the RTX 4060 Ti uses only eight PCIe interface lanes. When you undervolt you run the risk of system instability, especially at higher clock frequencies. Nvidia GeForce RTX 3060 Ti. No, no and no. Avg FPS = 111. Hi, I’m trying to undervolt a 4060 (just for fun) to 2460@835 using the curve. 962v. 950v @ 1995mhz. Best SSD for gaming: Get into the game ahead of the rest. 4,615. Quiet Operation. Experience immersive, AI-accelerated gaming with ray tracing and DLSS 3, and supercharge your creative process and productivity with NVIDIA Studio. The card seems pretty well optimized stock. Be it a 4090, 4080, 4070 Ti or even a 4060 Ti, I’d stil. For gamers playing on previous-gen GPUs, the NVIDIA Ada Lovelace architecture graphics card offers a substantial upgrade, enabling you to supercharge. ,133w draw, fans 63%, temp. A lower load temperature means that the card produces less heat and its cooling system performs better. When the 5060 Ti launches for 900 dollars in 2026 and offers 3080 (10gig) performance, be ready. hi, i have a rtx 3060 ti and i try a lo of youtube tutorials for undevolt my graphic card but nothing is working. Increasing. Wanted to maintain at least 1900 mhz with as low volts as possible. Last edited: Jan 2, 2021. 0 is a key. 9. A standard undervolt of 2805 MHz @ 1. A standard undervolt of 2805 MHz @ 1. Built on the 5 nm process, and based on the AD107 graphics processor, in its AD107-400-A1 variant, the card supports DirectX 12 Ultimate. At 1080p, the 4060 Ti rendered 130 fps, making it just 6% faster than the 3060 Ti, which is quite disappointing. Plus, AORUS Graphics Cards reveal your style in either way of RGB lighting or LCD panel. com. BEYOND FAST. If you want to under 300W power draw you could I've. [Gamers Nexus] Do Not Buy: NVIDIA GeForce RTX 4060 Ti 8GB GPU Review & Benchmarks. Max power draw = 203. • 3 mo. Inside and out, every element of the card gives the monstrous GPU headroom to breathe freely and achieve ultimate performance. It poses a competitive challenge to the GeForce RTX 4070 graphics card while maintaining a lower price point. Hello there. Display (s) 29" 2560x1080 75 Hz / LG 29WK600-W. If that GPU was. Your target voltage can start anywhere between 800-925mV. I have the Zotac RTX 3060 AMP White and Ryzen 5 3600, initially wanted to squeeze more out of GPU for cyberpunk then I decided on undervolt & overclock which I just benchmarked in 3DMark, I haven't touched the. Take notes at gpu temp, core clock, memory clock, fan speed, voltage, power consumption. GeForce RTX 4060 Ti vs. Experience immersive, AI-accelerated gaming with ray tracing and DLSS 3, and supercharge your creative process and productivity with NVIDIA Studio. . Maybe my silicon is trash. casual_brackets. I recently picked up the 3060 Ti XC from EVGA. At that price point I find it impossible to recommend the card, considering that RTX 3080 is just another $40 away. RTX 4060 Ti tested on a PCIe 3. The RTX 4060 has a TGP of just 109 W, which makes the cooler look plenty for the job. I am a bot and I swapp'd some of thy words with Shakespeare words. Have msi afterburner running and find out what voltage the gpu is running at at that frequency. OP elaborated that on the stock settings the card was fluctuating between 1800-2000 mhz a lot, whereas his undervolt kept the card more steady around 1950. Fan Speed (%): 65-70 (1750-1850 rpm) Max Temp @100% Load: 73-75c. Throw in the addition of DLSS 3, and it's not hard to. 85mV | Assassin Creed Valhalla 1440p Optimized settings | Windows 11 Benchmark Performance test | Successor. The RTX 4060 Gaming X debuts an all new compact generation Gaming X Twin Frozr 9 cooling solution, along with TorX Fan 5. B. 3 User reviews. The GeForce RTX 4060 Mobile is a mobile graphics chip by NVIDIA, launched on January 3rd, 2023. The GeForce RTX™ 4060 Ti and RTX 4060 let. 90V @ 2565MHz, 80C and 76W, and increased the memory clock +1400. 850mv @ 1830mhz. 850v. Best 1. 1, DisplayPort 1. Nvidia GeForce RTX 4060 Laptop. 200W is at the low end for a 3060ti power limit Gigabyte's Aorus Master will go to 300W and a some others can go higher. AMD's Radeon RX 6700 XT 12 GB is 13% faster than the 4060, the Radeon RX 6600 XT is 10% slower. There’s also a huge difference in total. The memory ticks at stock 18 Gbps speeds. 975V; Overclock at 2070Mhz; Overclock at 2115Mhz with 1. Hi guys, I just learned how to undervolt from a YouTube video. B. Their ultra-efficient NVIDIA Ada Lovelace architecture provides excellent performance and next-level AI graphics. 8/5. . 399 - 10,90. NVIDIA notice that and launched the RTX 4060 and 4060 Ti to fulfill this kind of user's demand. Supports 3D. Before lowering the curve, you need to apply a negative offset to the Core Clock, like -300. Game, stream, create. AMD has another new GPU that it says can beat the RTX 4060 Ti. 2 - MSI Afterburner is the best way to undervolt it. DLSS3 doesn't seem to be useless on. For the multicore bench, CPU core clock settles at ~4750 MHz @ 1. Introducing the GeForce RTX 4060 Family, starting at £289. VideoCardz also points out the RTX 4060 Ti will be given the same PG190 board that's used in the RTX 3060 Ti which could point to the. NVIDIA's. Versus the RTX 3060 Ti, the RTX 4060 Ti graphics card is up to 2. Experience immersive, AI-accelerated gaming with ray tracing and DLSS 3, and supercharge your creative process and productivity with NVIDIA Studio. . Game, stream, create. 3K subscribers Subscribe 6K views 2 months ago #rtx4060ti #kfa2 #techprofis Today we. . 65fps average. MSI GP76. MaterialTaro1289. The game developer always tries to make the. With an MSRP of $399 for the 8GB model and $499 for the 16GB option, the RTX 4060 Ti is a bit more affordable than the RTX 3070, which saw a price of $499 at launch. Now open the Curve Editor. • 6 mo. The RTX 4060-Ti is based on Nvidia’s Ada Lovelace architecture. Forbin3. 9V; Undervolt 1995Mhz at 0. This is with CPU OVERCLOCK enabled with max fan curve via Synapse and undervolting with XTU and Overclocking on GPU. Ray tracing is an advanced light rendering technique that provides more realistic lighting, shadows, and reflections in games. Xtreme Tuner Plus v1. WITH DLSS 3. Being a dual-slot card, the NVIDIA GeForce RTX 3060 Ti GDDR6X draws power from 1x 12-pin power connector, with power draw rated at 225 W maximum. 2560x1440. Use Afterburner 4. The thing is that i have to select config 1 or config 2 (the undervolted configuration i did) to be able to use it that way each time i restart/turn on the computer. Overclock 2 : 2130Mhz at 1. 200W is at the low end for a 3060ti power limit Gigabyte's Aorus Master will go to 300W and a some others can go higher. GeForce RTX 4060 Ti are built on the AD106 (-350-A1) core, which has less than half the die area of the GPU in the GeForce RTX 3060 Ti (Ampere). It has 8GB of GDDR6X memory at 19GHz on a 256-bit bus providing 608GB/s of bandwidth. I acheived good temps and quiet noise levels. Nvidia GeForce RTX 4060 Ti Review: The Disappointment Is Real. 3840x2160. Since I'm still using a high clock speed I'm not saving that much on power but the increased performance and lower heat make it worth it for me. Im sure it will run fine without proce and ram overclocking. The Nvidia RTX 4060 Ti 16GB doubles the VRAM capacity for an extra $100 compared to the base model. Hold alt and drag the whole curve down so the point furtest to the right is below 1920MHz, then drag the point at 900mv up to 1920MHz, press apply and you should get a flat curve at 900mv\1920MHz. The 4070ti is amazing. 2250 MHz. 2 slot form factor. 99. Nvidia GeForce RTX 4060. You are using the machine in a HTPC type environment and wanting reduced fan noise that is great and a functional point. Nvidia GeForce RTX 3060 Ti. Nowadays, game development becomes mature. Even at 250w (850mV) is more than stock. Windows 11 Home AMD Ryzen™ 7 7800X3D Processor GeForce RTX™ 4060 Ti 8GB GDDR6 Video Card 16GB (16GBx1) DDR5/6000MHz Memory MSI PRO B650-VC WIFI. Previous 107/117 cards are GTX 1050 Ti, GTX 1650 Ti and RTX 3050 Mobile chip. The triple-slot, triple-fan thermal solution that could fit a RTX 4070 Ti runs whisper quiet at an impressive 23 dBA and super cool at only 56°C. 0160v. Overall rating. (HWU Data) Just with that 5%, the 4060ti might get awfully close to the 3060ti, in raster non-dlss3 performance. Nvidia GeForce RTX 3060 Ti. BEYOND FAST. It was using 350w before, going to 1950mhz for 3-5 minutes then come to 1750-1800 at 75c. I undervolted the card to 0. PL can be increased to 105% (210W). It makes me wonder if this card could be used with the 250w passive GaN psu as well, especially with that humble undervolt mentioned in the article. Already the RTX 4070 Ti seemed like the perfect balance point between price and performance, and the RT and Tensor cores don’t come cheap so we can’t imagine the RTX 4060 Ti will be significantly more affordable. Network that have a RTX A4000 (max 140W) paired with a higher-end CPU. 7. 37% market share, with the GeForce RTX 4060 sitting at 0. G. Conclusion. I played with it a little, and if you are after lower power consumption undervolting is definitely worth it. Power target : 110%. Both SKUs have 8 GB VRAM. Max temp was 64C, steady 63C. For most games, except competitive FPS, I'd cap the framerate at 60fps and power usage will go down further. According to hardware leaker Kopite7kimi, the company has changed the TDP specs for its upcoming mid-range GPU. SKILL Ripjaws V DDR4 3200MHz. Then, use the above method to set 1771MHz at 0. MSI Afterburner Walkthrough Part 1: Overclocking Guide & Undervolting Guide. Hi there guys, as always I do with my newer GPUs, like of the 3060 Ti, here, which was a 3060Ti Gaming OC Pro with 270W max TDP, or the 3080 here, which was shunt modded (480W). The GPU is operating at a frequency of 1410 MHz, which can be boosted up to 1665 MHz, memory is running at 1188 MHz (19 Gbps effective). Honestly I wouldn't bother doing much UV at all with that card. One can build a pc with all peripherals within the same price of these laptops and get 33%-54% more performance than that of laptop counterpart. 0 V can reduce the average power draw by 5-15% while retaining stock performance. Temp maxing out at 96C. 8%) According to the leaks, the RTX 4060 Ti is to feature an AD106 GPU with 4352 CUDA cores, while RTX 4060 might be equipped with an AD107 GPU and 3072 cores. I undervolted My rtx 3060. Its predecessor, the GeForce RTX 3060, hit the market in early. 1V (Unstable if ambient temp is >25-30°C), and +1200Mhz OC on mems (8200 Mhz), perfcap reason is Pwr, and sometimes in ms you it can be Pwr and VOp at the same time. KFA2 GeForce RTX 4060 Ti 1-Click OC 8GB. 5 support. GALAX RTX 3070 Ti 8GB. Display outputs include: 1x HDMI 2. supports ray tracing. The most straightforward way which is how everyone does it on Nvidia side pretty much. Then Ctrl l to lock it otherwise it will down lock itself. It also has three DisplayPort 1. There's no need to disregard this info. GeForce RTX 4060. This model, which doubles the VRAM size over the "standard" RTX 4060 Ti 8 GB,. 48GB of Ram?? 105. Page 8: GeForce RTX 4060 Ti: Professional Content Creation and AI Performance Page 9: GeForce RTX 4060 Ti: Power, Clocks, Temps, and Noise Page 10: GeForce RTX 4060 Ti: A Cut Too Far Nvidia RTX. Iv noticed when playing cyberpunk with an undervolt some times the GPU seems to drop to a lower power state, GPU Z says the clocks are the same but power use and frame rate drop but may also just be cyberpunk. Powered by GeForce RTX™ 4060 Ti (8GB) Integrated with 8GB GDDR6 128bit memory interface WINDFORCE cooling system Protection back plate CORE CLOCK 2550 MHz (Reference Card: 2535 MHz) Compare. You can undervolt, by keeping the same clock speed but finding if it's stable at a lower voltage. Play something heavy, that will hit the GPU hard. Case. 95v. While the RTX 4060 Ti is a welcome sign that Nvidia is looking to woo more budget-conscious gamers, rather than pushing super-high-end cards like the RTX 4090, at $399 (about £240, AU$600) it’s. The Aero 3060 Ti’s fan turned in the 1700RPM range with the undervolt, while it screamed upward of 2700 RPM for the stock and OC settings. Availability begins May 24th with the GeForce RTX 4060 Ti (8GB), a 1080p performance champ that starts at $399. The GIGABYTE GeForce RTX 4060 Ti and GeForce RTX 4060 AERO OC series with their white and silver design are particularly favored by designers and users who prefer a simple style and they are particularly suitable for PC systems with light and minimalist themes. Nvidia GeForce RTX 3060 Ti. 038V, No Perfcap reason. 038V, No Perfcap reason. . Whilst for a mini-ITX option, you have the ZOTAC Twin Edge, with. why is fps lower but temps are a bit higher? Power draw is the same 170w. . i7 6820HK @ 4300mhz - GTX 1070 Full Fat W/120W vBios - 16GB DDR4 - 1080p 100Hz Laptop. 3840x2160. The card seems pretty well optimized stock. MSI Gaming GeForce RTX 4060 Ti 8GB GDRR6 128-Bit HDMI/DP Nvlink TORX Fan 4. Asus Dual GeForce RTX 4060 Ti White OC Edition 8GB. Gigabyte GeForce RTX 4060 Ti Gaming OC 8GB. User reviews. Supports 3D. This is the undervolt we would start from, though you can start from -100mV if you're confident that it will not crash. NVIDIA - GeForce RTX 4060 Ti 8GB GDDR6 Graphics Card - Titanium/Black. Tip 3: More stable through stress tests. That is more then i thought if what you say is correct about very similar pcb design as with the rtx 3090 for example. I followed a few different guides and ended up with the following simple undervolt to 0. 4 Flatten everything after (with SHIFT clicking) Thats what I did with my 4070. 4 - Added 1-Click OC feature support for following models: -GeForce RTX 3060 Ti (GDDR6X) -GeForce RTX. The undervolt with overclock should be the best of both. The 3060 Ti can bring some impressive power reductions through under volting, combined with overclocking you can get more performance at lower power. Undervolt 3: 2040Mhz at 1. At max load I get about 170 W and 60C. GeForce RTX™ 4060 Ti WINDFORCE 8G. NVIDIA GeForce RTX 4060 Ti 8GB to. Game, stream, create. Also install GPU-Z to get a finer detailed look at your GPU's sensors and power draw. Nvidia GeForce RTX 3060 Ti. I personally just wanted to be able to undervolt it best as I can so that the power draw isn't too much but the performance would still be there. Based on 51,041 user benchmarks for the Nvidia RTX 3070 (Laptop) and the RTX 4070 (Laptop), we rank them both on effective speed and value for money against the best 705 GPUs. However, while the RTX 3060 Ti has a roomier 256-bit bus, the RTX 4060 Ti is limited to a measly 128-bit, resulting in drastically lower memory bandwidth. The MSI GeForce RTX 4060 Ti comes with the best cooler of all RTX 4060 Ti cards that we've tested. Video Card (s) Asus TuF V2 RTX 3060 Ti @1905 MHz Core/950mV Undervolt. 0 Ada Lovelace Architecture Graphics Card (RTX 4060 Ti Ventus 3X 8G OC) ASUS Dual. Undervolting is a great way of lowering your temps, lowering power usage, and lowering noise coming from your card. While the RTX 4060 Ti is a welcome sign that Nvidia is looking to woo more budget-conscious gamers, rather than pushing super-high-end cards like the RTX 4090, at $399 (about £240, AU$600) it’s. NVIDIA is pricing the GeForce RTX 4060 Ti at an MSRP of USD $399, which is the same exact launch price as its predecessor, the RTX 3060 Ti. The CPU options span between the Intel Core i5-13400F and the i7-13700F. Maybe you should focus on a case with better airflow. Both pretty much cranked up to ultra and both have their own separate undervolt settings to ensure i don't hit 70C. The Ge. Elsewhere, the power-restricted RTX 3090 Ti tested by Igor also beats the 319W Radeon RX 6800XT in both gaming (16% faster. Turbo increases the memory speed +100MHz. I don't even think pricing needs to be that much lower either, just make the 4080 $949 and the 4070ti $659 and they'd be better. That can cause a serious bottleneck in. I'm not good at it and only done this thing once, a few years ago. As far as specifications are concerned, the Galax GeForce RTX 4060 Ti Unparalleled Max is just yet another RTX 4060 Ti product. PNY RTX 4070 Ti 12GB XLR8 Gaming VERTO EPIC-X Undervolt Benchmarks (970 mV, 2805 Mhz, +1500 Mhz to Memory). r/hardware. 6. 0. But I did mention this was a basic undervolt. The GeForce RTX™ 4060 Ti and RTX 4060 let you take on the latest games and apps with the ultra-efficient NVIDIA Ada Lovelace architecture. Earlier today, I posted about the RTX 4070 Ti that I got at a discount. The monstrous NVIDIA GeForce RTX 4090 "Ada" graphics card has the potential to be a very efficient high-end graphics card with a daily-use undervolt, and with its power-limit halved, finds an undervolting adventure review by Korean tech publication Quasar Zone. 6. 32GB RAM. NVIDIA - GeForce RTX 4060 Ti 8GB GDDR6 Graphics Card - Titanium/Black. Gigabyte 3060 ti Gaming Oc R3. 5% reduction in power use, and ~ -14 degrees celsius. Blur the lines between imagination, the digital world, and reality. 004 - Increase in 7. Eco mode = 0. I’m not sure why this is. Processor Cache Voltage offset : -0. MSI recommends at least a 550W PSU for this graphics card. 900 with 1875 Mhz. [TechPowerUp] NVIDIA GeForce RTX 4060 Ti 16GB Review—Not. Looks like GeForce RTX 3060 Ti Founder's Edition is eating a lot more voltage than it requires. However, the lack of generation-on-generation improvement makes this $399 graphics card feel like a waste of everyone's time. . When running a furmark benchmark, power drops from 170W to 108W and it retains 86% of the performance. Drag down a point within the selected region by more than your raised clock (-181 to - 211) Click apply. Of course this assumes you don't need the extra VRAM. In contrast, the RTX 4070 is priced at $599. Especially coming from a G12 modded GPU. 93 driver. I've had issues with crashes in some select games while going below 925mV at 1900ish with my RTX 3060ti. ago. But what is the highest boost clock at stock? 1980MHz peak, not sustained. 3 - undervolting extends the life of your card actually. 4 TB WD Red, 1 TB Silicon Power A55 Sata, 1 TB Kingston A2000 NVMe, 256 GB Adata Spectrix s40g NVMe. It's only using 10% more power to render at 4k (with frame gen) than my 2060 Super did at 1440p!. The unleashed reign of the NVIDIA Ada Lovelace architecture is here. MSI settings. grab a point at your desired voltage, put it to the desired clockspeed and apply. Any point within this range will move at the same time. You can absolutely do both. Nvidia RTX 4060-Ti Nvidia RTX 4070-Ti4x8GB G. Higher voltage helps with performance but also significantly degrades your gpu's life. 038V, No Perfcap reason. Low Power. Allows you to view in 3D (if you have a 3D display and glasses). For gamers playing on previous-gen GPUs, the NVIDIA Ada Lovelace architecture graphics card offers a substantial upgrade, enabling you to supercharge. 975v @ 2025mhz. RTX 3060 Ti, 50 Game Benchmark. I've added a little extra voltage and downed the clock speeds a step to ensure stability under all situations, especially due to how GPU Boost 4 operates at < 71c. I have a Gigabyte RTX 3080 Ti in a mini itx build (Fractal Ridge) and undervoting it, even by an aggressive amount, does not lower its temperatures. 0:00 Specs & Overclocks0:09 : Uncharted: Legacy of Thieves1:26 : Cyberpunk 2077 (Mods)2:41 : Horizon Zero Dawn3:47 : Call of Duty: Modern Warfare II4:52 : Fo. Summary.