While the formula may change, the guiding philosophy and function of the mix will not. Improved drought and disease resistance. Rocky summit grasslands occur on rocky outcrops and summits with thin soils, and are dominated by grass species such as little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), tufted hairgrass (Deschampsia flexuosa), poverty-grass (Danthonia spicata, D. 1992. 5 cm) long (Tyrl et al. 45. Mix formulations are subject to change without notice depending on the availability of existing and new products. 00 % Echinacea purpurea Purple Coneflower 43. There are Indiangrass Sorghastrum nutans. It’s a very small seed that requires good seed to soil contact and should be planted at 1/8 to 1/4 inch deep. Seedling vigor is good and stands areCutting Indiangrass at the hay stage has showed a decrease in plant density, but cutting at monthly intervals during the summer caused little or no decrease. Even then, they may or may not work in a regular grass drill. The name "dingo" comes from the Dharug language used by the Indigenous Australians of the Sydney area. Email: [email protected] Fax: (814) 336-5191 Payment: We accept VISA, MASTERCARD, DISCOVER, and AMERICAN EXPRESS. How to Identify Indian Grass. A Maximum of TWO (2) vehicles (A motor home towing a vehicle or a vehicle towing a. 4 Butterfly weed PA ecotype 15 4. We report the discovery and spread of a dwarf ecotype of Spartina alterniflora in San Francisco. In a garden setting, switchgrass will require little or no maintenance once it’s established, thanks to its long tap roots (which grow to 9 feet) and ability to withstand harsh sun, wind, and soil conditions ranging from heavy clay to. 4% Asclepias incarnata, PA Ecotype (Swamp Milkweed, PA Ecotype) 1. Andropogon gerardii, Niagara. When plants of local ecotype are used, the resulting landscape also yields more interest with varying shades of color, distinct growth habits, and unique leaf patterns. Attractive warm season bunchgrass; good for erosion control, landscaping, and roadside beautification; provides food and cover for wildlife. Flower clusters are solitary at the ends of branches. 0% Juncus effusus 1. To develop prairie grass species as a new crop for either. The lowland ecotype tended to exhibit narrower unimodal response patterns along PC1tc (temperature variation) and PC2tc (potential evapo-transpiration variation) in comparison to the mountain ecotype. 20%: 83. 0. , 2006). It is prejudiced to conceal. We applaud our nurseries for increasingly propagating plants from locally-collected seeds. • 65 pounds-Schizachyrium scoparium, Albany Pine Bush-NY Ecotype or Fort. Jan 14, 2024 - Jan 14, 2024 New Bedford High School, Bronspiegel Auditorium, 230. Indian grass- Sorghastrum nutans Indian grass can be a medium to large plant (3-7') depending on soil fertility and moisture levels and is found in full sun or part shade. Stanage Edge. WorldClim 2: new 1-km spatial resolution climate surfaces for global land areas. ADDRESS 8884 16335 PHONE 800 873-3321 814 336-2404 FAX 814 336-5191 EMAIL sales@ernstseedcom Website Call: 800 873-3321 Monday through Friday 8 am to 5 pm… An NRCS* collection from the same sites as Little Bluestem with an additional site in Madison,Connecticut (New Haven County). 60 0. 2, p. Let’s take a look. National Maritime Museum, Greenwich. Sorghastrum nuts. K. SONU2. 10 lbs. Ecotype difference in gene expression was apparent by the smaller number of commonly upregulated transcripts between the ecotypes (2,232 between AP13 and VS16, 3,216 between K5 and VS16) as. An ecotype is a variant in which the phenotypic differences are too few or too subtle to warrant being classified as a subspecies. The list is meant as a place to start as you learn about native plants, and consider a planting of your own. Intermediate Wheatgrass. 0% Sorghastrum nutans, New England 2 Ecotype (Indiangrass, New England 2 Ecotype) 0. Smooth brome, indiangrass, and switchgrass had 17. $ 252. Also, a red maple from a lowland will not do well if transplanted to an adjacent upland site. The term " ecotype 2 y 2has become only marginally relevant or useful in plant pop-ulation ecology or evolutionary biology. Prairie Dropseed really shows off in the fall. compressa), and Indian grass (Sorghastrum nutans). Alternate leaves occur primarily along the lower one-half of each culm. Species Type: Native; Product Categories:Prepared by Jessica Chou, Jodi Sulpizio, and Constance Schmotzer. Shoulder Strap Broadcast Seed Spreader. Sorghastrum nutans Graminoid, Grass Family. Little. Ecotypic adaptation of plants and the role of microbiota in ameliorating the environmental extremes using contemporary approaches. Attractive warm season bunchgrass; good for erosion control, landscaping, and roadside beautification; provides food and cover for wildlife. The main effect of. New Phytologist 45:34–43. 2 oxeye sunflower PA Ecotype 23 6. 0% Sorghastrum nutans, PA Ecotype (Indiangrass, PA Ecotype) 3. Hartman, R. Sorghastrum nutans, normally known as either Indiangrass or yellow Indiangrass, is a North. Seeding Rate. Recent changes in the fire regime across the North American boreal. 80 0. Also common are Pennsylvania. Agrostis perennans. . Grows up to 3-5 ft. Attractive warm season bunchgrass; good for erosion control, landscaping, and roadside beautification; provides food and cover for wildlife. prev. Ecotype E represents the classic ichthyosaurian ecospace at. Eastern Ecotype Native Grass Mix: #177 Andropogon gerardii, PA Ecotype Big Bluestem, PA Ecotype. Genomic DNA (500 ng–1 μg) was digested to completion overnight at 37 °C with 1–2 μl NotI HF restriction enzyme (R3189L, New England Biolabs, Ipswich, MA, USA, 20 000 U ml −1). D. 1. Mix of superior cool-season grass varieties. 20 1. Its fibrous roots reach depths of down to 1. In the fall, the slender, blue-green leaves of this hardy upright grass turn yellow, and the towering stiff stems topped with narrow, plume-like auburn flower heads turn deep orange or purple. . 0% Panicum virgatum. PA Ecotype 50. 1-1189. Spartina pectinata Prairie Cordgrass. Rhode Island Wild Plant Society. 0% Asclepias incarnata, PA Ecotype (Swamp Milkweed, PA Ecotype) 2. The New York Flora Atlas is a source of information for the distribution of plants within the state, as well as information on plant habitats, associated ecological communities, and taxonomy. In a neighborhood, church, or commercial site, a seeded prairie mix might serve as a cost-saving alternative to mowing acres of turfgrass. 8% Monarda fistulosa, Fort Indiantown Gap-PA Ecotype (Wild Bergamot, Fort Indiantown Gap-PA Ecotype) Place the pots in a warm location, about 70 degrees Fahrenheit, and keep the soil moist while germinating. Grass family (Poaceae) Description: This perennial grass is 3-7' tall. 5–1% surfactant. Seeding rate: 35-40 bulk lbs per acre or 1. 0. Add to Project. Its root system is branched and commonly very deep reaching depths of up to 6 m (20 ft) when soilIn Oklahoma’s Osage County, the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve safeguards herds of bison, flocks of birds, and breathtaking grassland. Twelve. 20 % Solidago rugosa, PA Ecotype Wrinkleleaf Goldenrod, PA Ecotype 264. Sorghastrum nutans, New England 2 Ecotype $ 16. Use this guide to identify plants that are suitable for your geographic location and soil and light conditions. characteristic of Indiangrass is the dense golden bronze to yellow plume like inflorescence (Fig. Native plants have what’s called a local ecotype. Erica Tharp’s front lawn in Framingham. Study site. We report genome-wide. m. 5 lb per 1,000 sq ft Indiangrass, PA Ecotype. next. (ed. GMO Free. 45 9. We found that most ecotype studies involve fish, mammals and plants with a focus on habitat use, which at 60% was the most common criterion used for categorization of ecotypes. D Indian-grass is a perennial, warm-season grass with short, scaley rhizomes. NEWP. 2). 5% Desmodium paniculatum, PA Ecotype (Panicledleaf Ticktrefoil, PA Ecotype) 0. 2013. 2. USDA Organic. elliottii, Slender Indiangrass) and up to 27 inches (70 cm) long. Eight-week-old plants of indiangrass population ‘PA Ecotype’ (Ernst Conservation Seeds, Meadville, PA) were inoculated with conidial suspensions (2 × 10 ⁶ conidia/ml) of C. Indiangrass is a warm-season perennial bunchgrass native to the prairies of central and eastern North America. Quick Links. 21. Grows in all regions of Texas and Canada to Mexico. Sorghastrum nutans, New England 2 Ecotype $ 16. 5 mm long. 99. 0% Chamaecrista fasciculata, PA Ecotype (Partridge Pea, PA Ecotype) 2. A lawn (/ l ɔː n /) is an area of soil-covered land planted with grasses and other durable plants such as clover which are maintained at a short height with a lawn mower. For well-drained loam, sandy loam, and clay loam soils. 5% Aster novae-angliae,. Local ecotype plants have evolved to thrive on your land. 80 Add to cart 26. 40 % Aster laevis, NY Ecotype Smooth Blue Aster, NY Ecotype 336. Indiangrass, New England 2 Ecotype Attractive warm season bunchgrass; good for erosion control, landscaping, and roadside beautification; provides food and cover for wildlife. Lake Tunhovdfjord (TUN) and Lake Pålsbufjord (PAL) are part of a 35 km long sub alpine hydroelectric reservoir, located in south‐central Norway (48°E, 67°N, Figure 1), regulated first in year 1919 by an outflow dam. Native plants are always the best choice for use in landscapes, restoration projects, storm water projects, and naturalized areas. 80 Add to cart;Facts. The difference from red fescue was not. Garland Publishing, Inc. Add to Project. (Fig. The beautiful golden plume-like seed heads are 4 to 12 inches long on 2 foot stems making this grass part of the tallgrass family. Indian Grass, Sorghastrum nutans, is a native, warm season grass of the tallgrass prairie. 5% Monarda fistulosa, Fort Indiantown Gap-PA Ecotype (Wild Bergamot, Fort Indiantown Gap-PA Ecotype) New England Aster Aster novae-angliae x x x Deer like this species Aromatic Aster Aster oblongifolius x x Limestone sites only Late Purple Aster Aster patens x x x x Heath Aster Aster pilosus x x x x x Zigzag Aster Aster prenanthoides x x x x x Purplestem Aster Aster puniceus x x x x Flat Topped White Aster Aster umbellatus x x x x Indiangrass, New England 2 Ecotype. New York. Purple Lovegrass 'RI Ecotype' 1. Plants grow upright and robust, from 3. Eastern red cedar, black cherry, pitch pine and varieties of oak are also good candidates for the seashore. 21. Members of the Iroquois Confederacy of Nations, especially the Mohawk and Seneca, continue to use. big bluestem grass, bog goldenrod, grass-of-Parnassus, Indian grass, New England aster, Ohio goldenrod, Riddell goldenrod, and smooth aster. Join Mailing List. New England Aster Aster novae-angliae Smooth Blue Aster Aster laevis White Avens Geum cancadense Wild Bergamot Moranda fistulosa. 0% Panicum virgatum, 'Shelter' (Switchgrass, ‘Shelter. Both are often Alkaligrass, bottlebrush, and little bluestem were similar in height to red fescue. TOTAL. m. Benefits of Prairie: Provide a Variety of Landscapes, Habitat and Species Minnesota’s original prairies support species adapted to wet, mesic (moist) and dry habitats. Doreen Cubie. Native sedges can be found thriving in just about any environment, from dry woodlands to swamps, marshes, and even dry sand. It is planted as an ornamental grass, one of its attractions being the. glaucopsis, FL Ecotype $. 0% Sorghastrum nutans, PA Ecotype (Indiangrass, PA Ecotype) 5. 2% Solidago rugosa, PA Ecotype (Wrinkleleaf Goldenrod, PA Ecotype) 0. Pathogenicity of the sequenced isolate plus a second isolate from ‘Rumsey’ indiangrass (Cc006NY07) was evaluated in greenhouse experiments. 00 Add to cart. 00 % Sorghastrum nutans, New England 2 Ecotype Indiangrass, New. , and Turetsky, M. 5% Zizia aurea, PA Ecotype (Golden Alexanders, PA Ecotype) 0. PA Ecotype. 0% Chamaecrista fasciculata, PA Ecotype (Partridge Pea, PA Ecotype) 2. 03 of 08. Indian grass is native to most of North America. Fair forage in fall and winter once the plant matures. Andropogon glomeratus var. 2. It was one of the dominant grasses of the tallgrass prairie which once covered large parts of the Midwest. gram was to develop indiangrass cultivars with improved forage quality and yield for use in warm-season pastures in HZ 4 and 5 in the eastern Great Plains and Midwest states. 12. General Product Information. 00 % Chamaecrista fasciculata, PA Ecotype Partridge Pea, PA Ecotype 7. It grows 3 to 7 feet (1 to 2 m) tall and is recognized by a “rifle-sight” ligule where the leaf-cutting edge connects to the leaf sheath. Sorghastrum nutans - Indiangrass. 10 % Aster pilosus, PA Ecotype Heath Aster, PA Ecotype 264. 00 Add to cart; Contact Us. Connecticut, New Jersey, New York. Osage is the latest-maturing cultivar of indiangrass and produces excellent forage, even during drought years. For packet, ounce, quantity discount pricing & more info. 00 % Chamaecrista fasciculata, PA Ecotype Partridge Pea, PA Ecotype 7. Mix formulations are subject to change without notice depending on the availability of existing and new products. BEST BANG FOR THE BUCK: Pennington Smart Seed Sun and Shade Grass Mix. Indeed, Heywood (1959) and LangletThe Albany Pine Bush, referred to locally as the Pine Bush, is one of the largest of the 20 inland pine barrens in the world. The Illinois Wildflowers and Minnesota. This species mixes with fine fescues in a 2-5/year mowing regime as long as mowing of flower buds and flowers is postponed for a few weeks – limited availability. 0% Elymus. Fruit trees, such as apple, cherry, peach, and plum, need insect pollination to set fruit. The colonization of novel environments may result in new selective pressures on individuals and promote local adaptation . Eight-week-old plants of indiangrass population ‘PA Ecotype’ (Ernst Conservation Seeds, Meadville, PA) were inoculated with conidial suspensions (2 × 10 6 conidia/ml) of C. ecotype: [noun] a population of a species that survives as a distinct group through environmental selection and isolation and that is comparable with a taxonomic subspecies. Leave the cover in place for two to three months, then apply a 2-4 inch layer of compost. Seeds 8,300 seeds/oz. 2% Aster prenanthoides, PA Ecotype (Zigzag Aster, PA Ecotype) 0. 13 Indiangrass seedIndian Grass (Sorghastrum nutans) Photo: Elaine Haug @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database Indian grass is a tall, warm-season grass that grows from 3 to 8 feet high. 8% Aster novae-angliae, PA Ecotype (New England Aster, PA Ecotype) 0. . Wyoming: Distribution: SORGH: Dowhan, J. 0% Elymus virginicus, PA Ecotype (Virginia Wildrye, PA Ecotype) 8. IMPORTANT: Local ecotype is NOT the same as locally-grown, although local ecotype plants are often grown locally. The Lawn at the University of Virginia, facing south The lawn of a small summerhouse A croquet lawn at a club in Edinburgh, Scotland San Francisco Botanical Garden lawn, United States. 1. To achieve this, the soil AMF. Species ecotype shall be as native to New England region as possible. Find the exact seeds you need for your project using the advanced search and filtering options of our Seed Finder Tool: Indiangrass, Long Island-NY Ecotype. PA Ecotype (New England Aster, PA Ecotype) 0. Some of their native habitats may occur in wetland areas but their tolerant nature will enable them to withstand a drought period. Indiangrass, PA Ecotype. S. Maryland Distribution: Dry to moist meadows, throughout the state Height: 4 to 8 feet Blooms: In late summer, panicles open and yellow, pollen-laden anthers dangle in the breeze, making this one of the few grasses with attractive (but not showy) flowers. More Detail. Contains: 2% Black Eyed Susan (Rudbeckia hirta. 2%, 24. The leaf is around 3 feet (1 m) long. Add to Wishlist. Download the Drought–Tolerant Species List [PDF] (PDF, 50 KB)Indiangrass, ‘Southlow’-MI Ecotype Attractive warm season bunchgrass; good for erosion control, landscaping, and roadside beautification; provides food and cover for wildlife. Indiangrass, New England 2 Ecotype. Indicator Regions. New England Aster. (New England Biolabs) for 3 hours at 37°. Twelve. New England Aster Aster novae-angliae x x x Deer like this species Aromatic Aster Aster oblongifolius x x Limestone sites only Late Purple Aster Aster patens x x x x Heath Aster Aster pilosus x x x x x Zigzag Aster Aster prenanthoides x x x x x Purplestem Aster Aster puniceus x x x x Flat Topped White Aster Aster umbellatus x x x x Indiangrass is a native species that benefits wildlife (especially birds) year-round. 33 An NRCS* collection from the same sites as Little Bluestem with an additional site in Madison,Connecticut (New Haven County). Giant Bur Reed, PA Ecotype. NEW ENGLAND WETLAND PLANTS, INC New England Erosion Control/Restoration Mix for Dry Sites 820 WEST STREET, AMHERST, MA 01002 PHONE: 413-548-8000 FAX 413-549-4000 EMAIL: [email protected] absence of S. While the formula may change, the guiding philosophy and function of the mix will not. $4. Sorghastrum nutans. It is excellent wildlife cover and produces abundant high quality forage for livestock. 2. 40 hours per week. 0% Panicum virgatum, 'Shelter' (Switchgrass, ‘Shelter’). ). 10 Lbs per Acre or 1/4 Lb per 1000 Sq Ft. 8. Benefits of Prairie: Provide a Variety of Landscapes, Habitat and Species Minnesota’s original prairies support species adapted to wet, mesic (moist) and dry habitats. Each cluster is about 1–1/2 inches long and contains about 20–50 flowers. Apply a liquid fertilizer to your ornamental grass to give the new growth a head start. tall (90-150 cm) and 1-2 ft. 0% Sorghastrum nutans, PA Ecotype (Indiangrass, PA Ecotype) 8. Plants are up to 3 feet tall with a few erect branches. Space 1 foot apart. Each yellow spikelet is fringed with white hairs, giving the plant a silver-and-gold appearance. 0% Sorghastrum nutans, PA Ecotype (Indiangrass, PA Ecotype) 5. Plant outdoors when seedlings reach 2 inches tall and soil temperatures are consistently above 50 degrees Fahrenheit. Stanage Edge, in the Peak District National Park on the eastern edge of Derbyshire, is the longest gritstone edge in the UK. Traditionally, within-species genetic variation is considered by most silviculturists as ecotypic. 6 inch (1 to 1. “Andropogon gerardii” – Native to Missouri and the eastern United States, it is a perennial bunchgrass growing 4-7 ft tall with leaves that are 10–25 cm long and 1–2 cm wide. When planted in the proper area, native ornamental grasses for New England should be durable in USDA zones 3 and 4. 20%; Herb/Forb Echinacea purpurea: Purple Coneflower: 4. | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examplesHeight and growth habit. In the same way, your land has adapted to feeding and nurturing these types of plants. 20 1. Tall fescues are coarse, cold hardy grasses for zone 3 that are tolerant of cold but not tolerant of snow. Sedges are also cool season growers. . Heath, Bigleaf, New York, or New England aster. New England is the oldest clearly defined region of the United States, being settled more than 150 years before the American Revolution. Flowers vary from pink to purple and have golden centers. Native substitutes for turf lawns include (below from top to bottom) sedges, mosses and bearberry. (Released 1960, source of ecotype: Holt County, NE) Cheyenne. Good forage and seed producer, adapted for range and pasture in OK and TX. Indiangrass is a native species that benefits wildlife (especially birds) year-round. Indian Grass x x 6' x x x x x x x x x; Sporobolus heterolepis; Prarie Dropseed x x x 2' x x x x; 8. 1. Big bluestem grass. Some stands are impacted by damping off and seedling blight. Description. Seed Finder Tool Project Planner Planting GuidesAnnual yield: 2-3 tons dry matter/a. ($20, $29) 508-994-2900. Mix formulations are subject to change without notice depending on the availability of existing and new products. My objectives are to 1) provide pertinent background information on the natural and cultural history of New England as a foundation for this discussion, 2) synthesizecurrentinformation. New Hampshire has led New England with the fastest population growth for decades, and it continues to lead the region in loss of forestland. 2 Big bluestem produces excellent forage with steers gaining 2. Holt is well suited for revegetation throughout NE and surrounding states. 97 21. Switchgrass (<i>Panicum virgatum</i> L. Tallgrass prairies often have rich topsoil and, as the name implies, are dominated by several species of tall grasses, most notably big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii), little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), and Indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans). Pathogenicity of the sequenced isolate plus a second isolate from ‘Rumsey’ indiangrass (Cc006NY07) was evaluated in greenhouse experiments. Two of the grasses used, perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne L. 2 Joe Pye Weed PA Ecotype 15 4. MEGAN defines ecotypes that are composed of a specified mix of emission vegetation types that are associated with specific emission capacities. Stage 2: Ecotype Formation. However, site differences seldom exert enough selection pressure to override gene flow. J. 00 % Juncus effusus Soft. The fast-growing grass. 20. (1995) Physiological integration among clonal ramets during invasion of disturbance patches in a New-England salt-marsh. Previous studies showed flavonoids are one of the most abundant medicinal ingredients in sandrice, whereby isorhamnetin and isorhamnetin-3-glycoside. Eight-week-old. 00 % Elymus virginicus, Madison-NY Ecotype Virginia Wildrye, Madison-NY Ecotype 10. Species: New England Aster, PA Ecotype. A grassland garden incorporates the prairie aesthetic on a smaller scale. 5% Asclepias syriaca, PA Ecotype (Common Milkweed,. Urban Greening Part 3. Description Sorghastrum nutans, or Indiangrass, is a perennial, warm-season bunchgrass that can grow to 5 to 7 feet high. Indian Grass is a tall (4-6 ft) drought tolerant warm season grass that can also be found in areas of fertility, making this grass a foot soldier in the battle against invasive species. $ 350. 57 g. . This plant is not fussy about soils and. Sorghastrum nutans, Long Island-NY Ecotype Indiangrass, Long Island-NY Ecotype Attractive warm season bunchgrass; good for erosion control, landscaping, and roadside beautification; provides food and cover for wildlife. 2% Asclepias syriaca, PA Ecotype (Common. Barring construction of new flood-control and navigational dams, the relative trend for this community is likely stable. 8% Sorghastrum nutans, PA Ecotype (Indiangrass, PA Ecotype) 13. Ecotype Variability and Edaphic Characteristics for Cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica) Populations in Mississippi - Volume 3 Issue 3. 0. General Product Information. Indian grass. This is our favourite blend of native drought tolerant perennial forbs and grasses. 00%: Chamaecrista. Panicum virgatum, Shelter. Attractive warm season bunchgrass; good for erosion control, landscaping, and roadside beautification; provides food and cover for wildlife. 0% Juncus effususNative Wetland Plants. 00 % Sorghastrum nutans, NY4 Ecotype Indiangrass, NY4 Ecotype 14. of 12 /12. 8 million km 2 (1. 60 per pound. A large influx of Puritans populated. PUBLICATIONS . • 15% Virginia Wild Rye PA ecotype (Elymus virginicus) • 10% Indiangrass PA ecotype (Sorghastrum nutans) • 10% Deertongue variety “Tioga” (Panicum clandestinum) • 5% Switchgrass variety “Shelter” (Panicum virgatum) (genetic origin is WV) • 5% Partridge Pea PA ecotype (Chamaecrista fasciculata) • 3% Showy Tick Trefoil PA ecotype Background Switchgrass, a warm-season perennial grass studied as a potential dedicated biofuel feedstock, is classified into two main taxa – lowland and upland ecotypes – that differ in morphology and habitat of adaptation. 1'- 10'. Ernst Conservation Seeds 8884 Mercer Pike Meadville, PA. tataricum) belong to the Polygonaceae and the Fagopyrum genus is rich in flavonoids. BEST KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS SEED: Scotts Turf Builder Kentucky Bluegrass Mix. Use a yardstick or tape to measure the potential sweetgrass from the roots to the tallest leaf or spikelet. Indian grass is a tall sod-forming plant. • 25 pounds-Sorghastrum nutans, (Indiangrass, New England 2 Ecotype or PA Ecotype Indiangrass, New England 2 Ecotype. However, linking genetic divergence to local adaptation is particularly challenging as genetic differentiation may also arise because of demographic history ( 2 ) and other selective processes such as background selection. 20 3. In the first English colonies in the. 10.